Species Composition and Abundance of Ground-Dwelling Spiders (Araneae) as Natural Enemies in Wheat Fields

Abstract

Species composition and abundance of ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae) as natural enemies in wheat fields were investigated to evaluate their diversity, seasonal dynamics, and potential role in biological pest regulation. Field surveys were conducted in wheat agroecosystems using pitfall traps and hand collection methods at different crop growth stages. Collected specimens were identified based on morphological characteristics such as eye arrangement, leg spination, body patterning, and genital structures using standard taxonomic keys. Results revealed a diverse assemblage of ground-dwelling spider families associated with wheat fields, with variation in species richness and abundance across sampling periods. Higher spider abundance was recorded during mid- to late-crop stages, corresponding with increased canopy development and prey availability. Seasonal fluctuations indicated that environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture significantly influenced spider activity and distribution. Dominant taxa demonstrated strong adaptation to agricultural habitats and played an important role as generalist predators. The study highlights the ecological significance of ground-dwelling spiders as key natural enemies in wheat ecosystems, contributing to the suppression of insect pest populations. Habitat complexity, reduced disturbance, and diversified field margins were associated with higher spider diversity and stability. These findings support the integration of conservation biological control strategies to enhance natural predator populations in wheat-based cropping systems.