Germination Ecology and Emergence Phenology of Sinapis alba Under Variable Soil Temperature and Light Conditions

Abstract

Sinapis alba (white mustard) is an important annual weed and cover crop species commonly found in agricultural systems, where its establishment and persistence are strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the germination ecology and emergence phenology of S. alba is essential for predicting its seasonal occurrence and developing effective weed management strategies. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil temperature and light conditions on seed germination and seedling emergence of S. alba. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were performed under controlled environmental conditions using different temperature regimes and light treatments to assess germination percentage, germination rate, emergence timing, and seedling vigor. The results demonstrated that both temperature and light significantly influenced seed germination and emergence behavior. Maximum germination was observed under moderate temperature conditions combined with light exposure, indicating favorable environmental requirements for rapid seed activation and seedling establishment. Reduced germination rates were recorded under low temperatures and continuous darkness, suggesting partial light sensitivity and temperature-dependent dormancy regulation. Seedling emergence phenology also varied considerably among treatments, with earlier and more uniform emergence occurring under optimal temperature and illuminated conditions. In contrast, stressful environmental conditions delayed emergence and reduced seedling vigor. The study further revealed that S. alba possesses considerable ecological adaptability, enabling germination across a broad range of environmental conditions, although establishment success was greatest within specific temperature and light ranges. The findings provide valuable insights into the environmental regulation of S. alba germination and emergence dynamics in agricultural ecosystems. Understanding these ecological responses can contribute to improved prediction of weed emergence patterns and support the development of integrated weed management strategies aimed at reducing weed establishment and minimizing crop–weed competition in cultivated fields.