Seedbank Dynamics and Vertical Distribution of Chenopodium murale Seeds in Cultivated and Uncultivated Soils

Abstract

Seedbank persistence and vertical distribution patterns play a crucial role in the long-term survival and management of weed species such as Chenopodium murale, particularly in agricultural landscapes with contrasting disturbance regimes. The present study investigates seedbank dynamics and depth-wise distribution of C. murale seeds in cultivated and uncultivated soils to understand its regenerative potential and ecological adaptation. Soil samples were collected from different depths and processed using standard seed extraction and germination techniques to quantify viable seed density. Results revealed a significantly higher seedbank density in uncultivated soils compared to cultivated fields, indicating reduced seed depletion in minimally disturbed environments. Vertical distribution analysis showed that the majority of viable seeds were concentrated in the upper soil layers, with a sharp decline in seed density at deeper depths. In cultivated soils, repeated tillage redistributed seeds across soil profiles, leading to a more uniform but reduced seedbank distribution. In contrast, uncultivated soils exhibited stratified seed accumulation in surface layers due to limited soil disturbance. Germination assays indicated that shallowly buried seeds had higher emergence potential, while deeper seeds exhibited reduced germination due to unfavorable environmental cues. Seasonal variation also influenced seedbank viability, with higher persistence observed during cooler and moist conditions. The study highlights the strong influence of land management practices on seedbank structure and persistence of C. murale. These findings emphasize the importance of targeting surface seedbanks through timely weed control practices to reduce future infestations. Overall, C. murale demonstrates a persistent and surface-concentrated seedbank strategy, which contributes to its successful establishment in both cultivated and uncultivated agroecosystems.