Seedbank Longevity and Germination Ecology of Tribulus terrestris Under Different Soil Temperature and Moisture Regimes

Abstract

Tribulus terrestris is a troublesome annual weed widely distributed in agricultural and disturbed ecosystems, where it competes aggressively with crops and interferes with land management practices. Its persistence is largely attributed to prolonged seedbank survival, high reproductive capacity, and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. Understanding the seedbank longevity and germination ecology of this species is essential for developing effective and sustainable weed management strategies. The present study investigated the influence of different soil temperature and moisture regimes on the seedbank persistence, germination behavior, and seedling emergence of Tribulus terrestris. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions using a range of temperature treatments and soil moisture levels to evaluate their effects on seed viability, germination percentage, and emergence dynamics. Seed burial studies were also performed to assess long-term seed survival under varying soil conditions. The results demonstrated that both temperature and soil moisture significantly affected seed germination and emergence patterns. Maximum germination was observed under warm temperature conditions combined with moderate soil moisture, whereas extremely dry or saturated conditions reduced germination rates considerably. Seeds of T. terrestris exhibited prolonged viability in the soil, indicating the formation of a persistent seedbank capable of supporting repeated infestations over multiple growing seasons. Variability in emergence timing was also observed across environmental treatments, suggesting strong ecological adaptability of the species to fluctuating climatic conditions. The findings highlight the critical role of environmental factors in regulating the persistence and spread of T. terrestris in agricultural systems. Knowledge of seedbank longevity and germination ecology provides valuable insights for designing integrated weed management programs, including cultural and mechanical control practices aimed at reducing seedbank replenishment and minimizing future weed infestations in crop production systems.