Faunistic Survey and Checklist of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) Species in Citrus Orchards and Their Prey Associations

Abstract

Faunistic surveys were conducted in citrus orchards to document the diversity, abundance, and prey associations of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and to develop a regional species checklist relevant to integrated pest management programs. Sampling was carried out across multiple citrus-growing locations during different seasonal periods using sweep netting, visual inspection, and beat sheet methods. Collected specimens were identified based on external morphological characters, including elytral patterning, body coloration, pronotal markings, and male genital structures, leading to the compilation of a comprehensive checklist of coccinellid species associated with citrus ecosystems. Several dominant species were recorded, with variations in species richness and abundance observed across sites and seasons. Molecular confirmation using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequencing supported morphological identifications and clarified phylogenetic relationships among closely related taxa. Prey association analysis revealed that most coccinellid species were primarily associated with citrus aphids (Aphis spp.), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), and scale insects (Coccoidea), indicating their important role as natural biological control agents. Seasonal dynamics showed peak abundance of coccinellids during periods of high pest density and moderate climatic conditions, suggesting a strong predator–prey synchrony. Citrus orchards with reduced insecticide applications supported higher species richness and more stable predator populations, highlighting the sensitivity of coccinellids to chemical disturbances. Variation in prey preference and habitat utilization was observed among species, indicating niche differentiation within the community. The faunistic checklist generated in this study provides a baseline reference for future biodiversity and ecological studies in citrus agroecosystems.