Molecular Detection and Characterization of Strawberry Mottle Virus in Field and Greenhouse Strawberry Production

Abstract

Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV) is an economically important virus affecting strawberry production systems, leading to reduced plant vigor, irregular leaf development, and significant yield decline in both field and greenhouse cultivation. Surveys were conducted across major strawberry-growing regions to determine the incidence, distribution, and molecular characteristics of SMoV. Leaf samples collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were subjected to molecular detection using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with virus-specific primers targeting conserved genomic regions. Amplification of expected products confirmed the presence of SMoV in both field and greenhouse-grown strawberry plants, including latent infections in symptomless hosts. Sequence analysis of RT-PCR amplicons revealed high nucleotide similarity with reference SMoV isolates reported from diverse geographic locations, indicating limited but detectable genetic variation among populations. Phylogenetic analysis grouped field isolates within established SMoV clades, reflecting their evolutionary relatedness and suggesting possible movement of infected planting material across production systems. Disease incidence was higher in greenhouse systems where continuous propagation of planting material and favorable vector activity contributed to virus persistence and spread. Infected plants exhibited symptoms including chlorotic mottle patterns, reduced leaf expansion, and stunted growth, ultimately affecting fruit yield and quality. The integration of molecular diagnostics and sequence analysis provided reliable detection and improved understanding of virus distribution and genetic diversity. The findings emphasize the importance of using virus-free planting material and implementing strict phytosanitary measures to limit SMoV spread in strawberry production systems.