Seed Germination Ecology and Emergence Pattern of Malva sylvestris Under Different Temperature and Burial Depth Regimes

Abstract

Seed germination ecology of Malva sylvestris plays a crucial role in its persistence and spread across disturbed agroecosystems. The present study investigates the effects of temperature regimes and burial depth on germination behavior and seedling emergence patterns of M. sylvestris under controlled laboratory and simulated field conditions. Seeds were subjected to constant and alternating temperature treatments along with varying soil burial depths to evaluate germination percentage, mean germination time, and emergence success. Results revealed that temperature significantly influenced germination responses, with moderate alternating temperature regimes promoting higher germination compared to constant temperature conditions. Extreme temperature levels reduced germination percentage and delayed seedling emergence, indicating sensitivity of dormancy release to thermal cues. Burial depth had a strong inhibitory effect on emergence, with maximum germination observed at shallow depths, while deeper burial significantly reduced seedling emergence due to limited light availability and increased physical resistance. Interaction effects between temperature and burial depth demonstrated that optimal germination occurred under favorable thermal conditions combined with shallow soil placement. The study also indicates that M. sylvestris seeds possess ecological adaptability, enabling germination under a range of environmental conditions, which contributes to its successful establishment in agricultural and ruderal habitats. These findings highlight the species’ opportunistic germination strategy and its potential for rapid colonization following soil disturbance. Understanding these ecological responses provides valuable insights for predicting weed emergence patterns and improving management strategies. Overall, temperature and burial depth act as key regulatory factors governing seed germination and emergence dynamics of M. sylvestris, emphasizing the importance of integrated cultural and mechanical control practices for effective weed management in cropping systems.