Molecular Epidemiology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Isolates in Cereal Growing Regions

Abstract

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is an economically important viral pathogen responsible for significant yield losses in cereal production systems worldwide, particularly in wheat-growing regions. The present study was conducted to investigate the molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic relationships of WSMV isolates collected from major cereal-growing areas exhibiting typical symptoms such as yellow streaking, mosaic patterns, chlorotic patches, stunting, and reduced tillering in Wheat. Symptomatic leaf samples were collected from different geographic locations, and total RNA was extracted for molecular detection. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using WSMV-specific primers targeting conserved genomic regions, followed by sequencing of amplified products. The obtained sequences were analyzed using bioinformatics tools to assess genetic variability, evolutionary relationships, and molecular diversity among isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of isolates into distinct clades, indicating regional differentiation and genetic divergence within WSMV populations. Sequence comparisons showed both conserved and variable genomic regions, suggesting evolutionary pressure and possible adaptation to local environmental conditions and host genotypes. Molecular epidemiological analysis indicated the widespread distribution of closely related WSMV strains across cereal-growing regions, likely facilitated by vector transmission and infected planting material. The study also highlighted potential recombination events and mutation hotspots contributing to viral evolution and variability in symptom expression. These findings provide important insights into the genetic structure and epidemiology of WSMV populations. The integration of molecular diagnostics and phylogenetic tools enhances understanding of virus spread and evolution, supporting the development of effective management strategies such as resistant cultivar deployment and vector control. This research contributes to improved surveillance and sustainable management of WSMV in cereal-based agroecosystems.