Weed Flora Dynamics and Diversity Index in Garlic Fields Under Different Irrigation Methods and Mulching Treatments

Abstract

Garlic is a high-value crop that is highly sensitive to weed competition, particularly during early growth stages when weeds can significantly reduce yield and bulb quality. The present study was conducted to evaluate weed flora dynamics and diversity indices in garlic fields under different irrigation methods and mulching treatments. Field experiments were laid out under various irrigation regimes (surface and drip irrigation) in combination with organic and synthetic mulches to assess their influence on weed composition, density, and diversity. Weed sampling was carried out at critical crop growth stages, and data were analyzed to determine species richness, relative abundance, and diversity indices such as Shannon–Wiener and Simpson’s index. The results revealed that weed flora composition varied significantly with irrigation methods and mulching practices. Drip irrigation combined with mulching significantly reduced overall weed density compared to surface irrigation without mulch. Mulching treatments suppressed the emergence of light-sensitive weed species by altering soil temperature, moisture, and light penetration. Weed diversity indices were higher in unmulched plots, indicating a more diverse and competitive weed community under conventional irrigation practices. In contrast, mulched treatments showed lower diversity and dominance of a few tolerant species. Seasonal variation in weed emergence was also observed, influenced by moisture availability and soil microclimate conditions. The study highlights the importance of integrated water and mulch management in regulating weed population dynamics and reducing weed pressure in garlic cultivation. These findings provide valuable insights for designing sustainable weed management strategies that minimize herbicide dependence and improve crop productivity through cultural practices.