Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Brevipalpus Species (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on Citrus and Their Virus-Vector Status

Abstract

Morphological and molecular characterization of Brevipalpus species (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on citrus and their virus-vector status were investigated to clarify species diversity, taxonomic relationships, and their role in citrus-associated viral diseases. Mite samples were collected from citrus orchards showing symptoms such as chlorotic spots, leaf bronzing, and fruit scarring. Specimens were examined using detailed morphological features including dorsal shield patterning, setal arrangement, and palpal structures for species-level identification. Molecular characterization was performed using mitochondrial COI gene sequencing to confirm species identity and assess genetic variation among populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of multiple Brevipalpus species complexes associated with citrus, indicating hidden diversity and potential cryptic species. Considerable intraspecific variation was observed among populations from different orchards, suggesting geographic structuring and host-associated differentiation. Virus-vector status evaluation demonstrated that certain Brevipalpus species are associated with transmission of citrus leprosis virus complexes, confirming their epidemiological significance. Higher mite abundance correlated with increased severity of viral symptoms, highlighting their role in disease spread under field conditions. The integration of morphological and molecular approaches improved diagnostic resolution and clarified taxonomic ambiguities within the group. The study emphasizes the importance of accurate species identification for managing mite-borne viral diseases in citrus systems. These findings support the development of integrated pest and disease management strategies targeting Brevipalpus spp. to reduce citrus production losses.