Germination Ecology and Seedbank Persistence of Fallopia convolvulus in Winter Cereal Cropping Systems

Abstract

Fallopia convolvulus is a widespread and competitive annual weed that poses a serious challenge in winter cereal cropping systems due to its strong adaptability, prolonged emergence pattern, and persistent seedbank. The present study was conducted to investigate the germination ecology and seedbank persistence of F. convolvulus under conditions representative of winter cereal agroecosystems. Seed samples were collected from infested fields and subjected to laboratory and field experiments to evaluate germination responses under varying temperature regimes, soil moisture levels, burial depths, and light conditions. Results indicated that seed germination was strongly influenced by temperature fluctuations, with optimal germination occurring under cool to moderate conditions typical of winter seasons. Light exposure significantly enhanced germination, while deeper burial depths reduced emergence, suggesting a strong photoblastic response. Seedbank studies revealed that a substantial proportion of viable seeds remained dormant in soil for extended periods, indicating high persistence and long-term infestation potential. Seasonal monitoring demonstrated staggered and extended emergence patterns, enabling the weed to escape single-timing control measures commonly used in winter cereal production. The study also highlighted the role of environmental cues such as soil moisture and chilling periods in breaking seed dormancy and promoting germination. The persistence of F. convolvulus in the soil seedbank, combined with its flexible germination ecology, contributes to its success as a dominant weed species in cereal-based cropping systems. These findings emphasize the need for integrated weed management strategies that target both emerging seedlings and the soil seedbank to effectively reduce long-term infestations and improve winter cereal productivity.