Seedbank Characteristics and Emergence Phenology of Polygonum aviculare in Vegetable Cropping Systems

Abstract

Polygonum aviculare, commonly known as prostrate knotweed, is a troublesome annual weed widely distributed in vegetable cropping systems and capable of causing significant yield losses through competition for nutrients, moisture, and light. The present study was conducted to investigate the seedbank characteristics and emergence phenology of P. aviculare in intensively cultivated vegetable fields. Soil samples were collected from different depths and locations within commercial vegetable production systems to assess seedbank density, vertical distribution, and seed viability. Seedling emergence was monitored periodically under field and controlled environmental conditions to determine emergence patterns in relation to temperature, soil moisture, and seasonal variation. Results indicated that the majority of viable seeds were concentrated in the upper soil layers, suggesting that minimal soil disturbance favors seed persistence and emergence. Emergence of P. aviculare occurred over an extended period, with peak emergence observed during warm and moist environmental conditions. The staggered emergence pattern contributes to the weed’s adaptability and complicates management practices in vegetable production systems. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between soil temperature, moisture availability, and emergence dynamics. The persistence of a substantial seedbank and prolonged emergence behavior highlight the invasive potential of P. aviculare and its ability to survive under diverse agroecological conditions. Understanding the seedbank ecology and emergence phenology of this weed species is essential for developing effective integrated weed management strategies, including timely cultivation, mulching, and herbicide applications. The findings of this study provide valuable information for improving weed control programs and enhancing sustainable vegetable crop production.