Population Genetics and Genetic Diversity of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on Greenhouse Crops

Abstract

Population genetics and genetic diversity of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were investigated across greenhouse crop systems to assess population structure, gene flow, and evolutionary dynamics of this economically important pest. Field collections were conducted from multiple greenhouse vegetables and ornamental crops, and individuals were analyzed using mitochondrial COI and nuclear gene markers. Results revealed moderate to high levels of genetic variation among populations, indicating the presence of distinct genetic lineages within greenhouse complexes. Haplotype analysis showed shared genetic clusters across different host plants, suggesting frequent movement of populations among crops facilitated by greenhouse connectivity and human-mediated dispersal. However, certain populations exhibited localized differentiation, reflecting restricted gene flow in isolated production units. Phylogenetic reconstruction grouped isolates into several well-supported clades with limited geographic structuring, indicating recent expansion and ongoing admixture. Neutrality tests and population statistics suggested demographic expansion in some populations, likely driven by intensive greenhouse cultivation and continuous host availability. Gene flow estimates indicated substantial connectivity among greenhouse sites, contributing to rapid spread and establishment of resistant or adaptive genotypes. The study highlights the evolutionary potential of T. vaporariorum under protected cultivation systems and its ability to maintain genetic diversity despite control pressures. These findings emphasize the importance of coordinated pest management strategies across greenhouse networks, including monitoring of resistant populations and implementation of integrated pest management programs. Understanding population genetic structure provides valuable insights for designing sustainable control measures against this globally significant greenhouse pest.