Germination Biology and Seedbank Characteristics of Vaccaria hispanica in Cereal-Based Cropping Systems

Abstract

Germination biology and seedbank dynamics of Vaccaria hispanica were investigated in cereal-based cropping systems to understand its persistence, emergence behavior, and adaptive strategies under field-relevant environmental conditions. Seed germination responses were evaluated under varying temperature, moisture, and light regimes, while soil seedbank distribution and longevity were assessed through field sampling across different soil depths and cropping stages. Results indicated that V. hispanica seeds exhibited broad germination tolerance across moderate temperature ranges, with optimal emergence under fluctuating day–night thermal conditions typical of temperate cereal agroecosystems. Light exposure significantly enhanced germination rates, suggesting a preference for near-surface germination and sensitivity to burial depth. Moisture availability strongly influenced germination percentage, with reduced emergence under water stress conditions. Seedbank analysis revealed a stratified distribution, with highest viable seed densities concentrated in the upper soil layers, indicating limited vertical movement but strong surface persistence. Dormancy mechanisms contributed to prolonged seed viability, enabling the species to maintain a persistent soil seedbank across cropping cycles. Seasonal emergence patterns showed peak recruitment following soil disturbance events associated with tillage and pre-monsoon rainfall. Competitive interactions with cereal crops were primarily influenced by early emergence and rapid seedling establishment, allowing effective resource capture during initial crop growth stages. The study highlights the ecological adaptability of V. hispanica in intensively cultivated cereal systems and its potential to form persistent weed populations under conventional management practices. These findings emphasize the need for integrated weed management strategies targeting seedbank depletion, including crop rotation, stale seedbed techniques, and timely herbicide applications to reduce long-term infestation risks in cereal-based agroecosystems.